Relapsed Myeloma Treatment

Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that forms in plasma cells.

These are a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow that helps fight infection. When these cells become cancerous, they can accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of healthy blood cells. Understanding the early signs of myeloma is crucial because early diagnosis can significantly improve treatment options and outcomes.

What Is Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is considered a rare cancer, but it is one of the more common types of blood cancer. It typically affects people over the age of 60, although it can occur in younger individuals. It is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells that produce a monoclonal protein, also known as M protein, which can cause various symptoms and complications.

Fatigue and Weakness

One of the earliest signs of myeloma is persistent fatigue. This happens because the disease disrupts normal blood cell production, leading to anemia. Anemia results in reduced oxygen supply to the body's tissues, causing a person to feel unusually tired even after rest or sleep. This fatigue is often long-lasting and not relieved by normal rest or nutrition.

Bone Pain

Bone pain, especially in the spine, hips, or ribs, is another common early symptom. It is caused by the cancerous plasma cells damaging bone tissue. The pain may be constant or may worsen with movement or activity. In some cases, the bones become so weak that fractures occur with minimal trauma.

Frequent Infections

Since myeloma affects the immune system by interfering with normal antibody production, individuals become more prone to infections. Repeated respiratory infections, sinus infections, or urinary tract infections may occur early in the disease. Infections may also take longer to heal and may recur more frequently than usual.

Weight Loss and Loss of Appetite

Unexplained weight loss and a decrease in appetite can occur in the early stages of myeloma. This can be due to the overall metabolic changes caused by the disease or due to the body’s response to a chronic illness. These symptoms are often overlooked or attributed to other conditions, making awareness important.

Numbness or Tingling

Some people with early multiple myeloma experience numbness or tingling in their hands or feet. This may be due to nerve damage caused by the buildup of abnormal proteins in the blood, which can affect nerve function. This condition is known as peripheral neuropathy and can worsen if left untreated.

Bleeding and Bruising

Myeloma can lead to a low platelet count, which is responsible for clotting the blood. This may cause a person to bruise easily or experience frequent nosebleeds or bleeding gums. These symptoms are signs that blood cell production in the bone marrow is being affected by the disease.

Excessive Thirst and Frequent Urination

As bone tissue breaks down, calcium is released into the bloodstream, leading to a condition called hypercalcemia. High calcium levels can cause symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, constipation, and confusion. These signs may indicate that the disease is beginning to affect organ systems such as the kidneys.

Visual Changes and Headaches

In rare cases, the abnormal proteins produced by myeloma cells can thicken the blood, leading to vision problems, dizziness, or headaches. These changes can be subtle at first but may become more noticeable over time as the disease progresses.

When to See a Doctor

Because the early signs of myeloma can be vague and easily mistaken for other common conditions, it is important to consult a healthcare provider if any of these symptoms persist or worsen. A blood test, urine test, or bone marrow biopsy can help confirm or rule out a diagnosis of multiple myeloma.

Conclusion

Recognizing the early signs of myeloma can make a significant difference in the effectiveness of treatment and quality of life. Fatigue, bone pain, frequent infections, and weight loss are not always benign symptoms and should be evaluated by a medical professional if they persist. Early detection and prompt medical intervention offer the best chance for managing the disease successfully.